Voltage spikes can sometimes be a big nuisance as far as the safety of the various electronic appliances are concerned. I have explained how to make a simple AC Mains surge protector circuits at home.
What is a Surge Protector
A surge protector is an electrical device which is designed to neutralize minor electrical spikes and transients that normally keep appearing in the mains utility lines.
These are normally installed in sensitive and vulnerable electronic equipment to prevent them from getting damaged due to these sudden unprecedented surges and voltage fluctuations.
They work by instantaneously short circuiting any excess high voltage that may appear in the mains AC line for a very duration.
This duration is usually lasts in microseconds. Anything above this period of time may cause the surge suppressor itself to burn or get damaged
What is Voltage In Rush
A sudden voltage spike is basically a sharp rise in the voltage lasting not more than a few milliseconds but enough to cause damage to our precious equipment almost instantly.
It thus becomes imperative to stop or block these from entering vulnerable electronic gadgets like our personal computers.
Commercial spike busters are though available pretty easily and cheaply too, cannot be trusted and moreover have no reliability test arrangement so it becomes just a "assuming" game, until it's all over.
Working Design
The circuit of a Simple AC Mains Surge Protector Device below, which shows how to make a simple homemade AC mains high current protector device is based on very simple principle of "speed breaking" the initial jolt through components who are well equipped in the field.
A simple iron resistor and MOV combination are more than enough to provide the protections we are looking for.
Here R1 and R2 are 5 turns of iron wire (0.2mm thick) over a 1 inch diameter air core each followed by an appropriately rated varistor or an MOV connected across them to become a full fledged spike protector system.
Sudden high AC entering the input of spike are effectively tackled and the "sting" absorbed in the course by the relevant parts and a safe and clean mains is allowed to go through the connected load.
Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) Calculations and Formulas
The calculation of energy during application of such a pulse is given by the formula:
E = (Vpeak x I peak) x t2 x K
where:
Ipeak = peak current
Vpeak = voltage at peak current
β = given for I = ½ x Ipeak to Ipeak
K is a constant depending on t2, when t1 is 8 μs to 10 μs
A low value of β corresponds to a low value of Vpeak and then to a low value of E.
Transient Protector Using Inductors and MOV
Question Regarding Surge Prevention in Electronic Ballast
Hi swagtam, I found your email address from your blog. I really need yr help.
Actually my company has customer in china we make UV lamps and we use electronic ballast for it.
Now the problem is in china because of Over Voltage the ballast burn out so i design circuit which is in attachment which doesn't help either?
So I found your Ultimate High/Low Voltage Protector Circuit which i wants to build. or can you tell me the update if i can do in my circuit that will be great.
Solution
According to me the problem may not be with the voltage fluctuations, rather it's because of the sudden voltage surges that's blowing of your ballast circuit.
The diagram shown by you may not prove very effective, because it does not incorporate a resistor or any kind of barrier with the MOVs.
You may try the following circuit, introduce it at the entry point of the ballast circuit.
Hope it works:
Using an NTC and MOV
The following image shows how two different sudden high voltage suppressor devices could be tied up with the mains line for achieving a double edged safety.
The NTC here enables an initial switch ON current in rush protection by offering a higher resistance due to its initial lower temperature, but in the course of this action its temperature begins increasing and it begins allowing more current for the appliance until a normal working conditions achieved.
The MOV on the other hand complements the NTC output and makes sure that in case the NTC is unable to stop the up-surge onslaught correctly, it switches ON itself shorting the residual high transient content to ground and as a result establishing a safest possible supply for the connected load or the appliance.
Highly Recommended for you: 220 V AC Filter Circuit
Formulas for Calculating MOV and NTC Parameters
NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) Thermistor Formulas
Resistance-Temperature Relationship (NTC Thermistor)Using the Beta Parameter Equation:
R(T) = R0 * e(β * (1/T - 1/T0))
Where:
- R(T) = resistance at temperature T (in ohms, Ω)
- R0 = resistance at a reference temperature
- T0 (in ohms, Ω)
- β = material constant (in K)
- T = temperature in kelvins (K)
- T0 = reference temperature in kelvins (K), usually 298 K (25°C)
Using the Steinhart-Hart Equation (more accurate):
1/T = A + B * ln(R) + C * (ln(R))3
Where:
- T = temperature in kelvins (K)
- R = resistance at temperature T (in ohms, Ω)
- A, B, C = constants that depend on the specific thermistor.
Thermal Time Constant (NTC Thermistor)τ = (Cth * R) / P
Where:
- τ = thermal time constant (in seconds, s)
- Cth = thermal mass of the thermistor (in joules per degree Celsius, J/°C)
- R = resistance of the thermistor (in ohms, Ω)
- P = power dissipated by the thermistor (in watts, W)
Inrush Current Limiting (NTC Thermistor)I(t) = V / R(T(t))Where:
- I(t) = current at time t (in amperes, A)
- V = supply voltage (in volts, V)
- RT(t) = resistance of the thermistor at the temperature T(t) (in ohms, Ω)
Additional Formulas:
MOV:
Voltage-Resistance Relationship:
R(V) = (Vr2) / (V2 - Vr2) * Rmax
Energy Absorption:
E = 1/2 * C * Vmax2
Clamping Voltage:
Vclamp = Vr * (I / Irated)α
NTC Thermistor:
Beta Parameter Equation:
R(T) = R0 * e(β * (1/T - 1/T0))
Steinhart-Hart Equation:
1/T = A + B * ln(R) + C * (ln(R))3
Thermal Time Constant:
τ = (C_th * R) / P
Inrush Current Limiting:
I(t) = V / R(T(t))
RFI Line Filter and Surge Suppression Circuit
If you are looking for a mains AC line filter circuit having a combined protection against radio frequency interference (RFI) suppression, along with voltage surge control, then the following design could prove quite handy.
As we can see, the input side is protected with an NTC and MOV. The MOV grounds any instantaneous over voltage surge, while the NTC limits an over current surge.
The next stage constitutes an RFI line filter, comprising of a small ferrite transformer and a few capacitors.
The transformer arrests and blocks the passage of any incoming or outgoing RFI across the line, while the capacitor network reinforces the effect by grounding the residual high frequency content across the line.
The transformer is built over a small ferrite rod, having two identical winding wrapped one over the other, and one of the winding end connections swapped between the input/output Neutral line.
Have Questions? Please Leave a Comment. I have answered over 50,000. Kindly ensure the comments are related to the above topic.
Require TVs diode rating for 4 kV surge suppressor input voltage is 230 vAC.
Require solar flasher circuit for beacon light
Sorry, I do not sell electronic components in this website, you can try other online stores, there are plenty of them.
I want only correct rating ,so that I can buy from market.
If we consider the diode breakdown voltage to be 400V, then the peak current of the diode must be 4000/400 = 10 amp.
You can search for 400V, 10 amp TVS diode for your application.
For the beacon light please provide more details regarding the voltage and load current…
Thanks for the Reply
I require circuit for solar opearted flasher, solar panel is 5v 150mA, LED 5mm Red 20mA ..8nos,Battery 3.6v Lithium 2600mAH with Dusk to Dawn switch
I have published the diagram at the end of the following post, please check it out:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/rotating-beacon-led-simulator-circuit/
We designed the PS for triggering solenoids for Pneumatic circuits and using 230 to 24 ac step transformer. But, used a fuse alone in the input side. But customer believes that we did consider for spikes and noises, We have taken earth connection through Transformer leg. Now, i am looking for a cheap surge protector and put that in series to transformer, take the surge protector pin out and connect to load, neutral and earth. 230v ac, SINGLE Phase. Is that correct. what else we need to consdier sir. Thank you.
Hi Krab, according to me, the following design is the cheapest and the best suitable for your application
thank you, but could you help me know how and which is connected to Phase , neutral and mainly in Ground Earth please. thanks once again. Why not add GDT for fast discharge . may i seek your view.
Can you please tell me what exactly are you trying to protect from voltage and current surge?
Surge protectors like, MOV, NTC, TVS, GDT all these are intended for protecting sensitive electronic circuits and devices, because electronic devices can burn even with a surge lasting only a few milliseconds.
However, in your case the load seems to be a solenoid mechanism and a transformer which are hugely rugged compared to electronic devices.
The surge current or voltage which may be capable of burning your transformer or solenoid circuit will also burn all other surge protection devices. So surge suppressors cannot be effective.
Because to burn a transformer or a solenoid the surge has to last a few seconds which is sufficient to burn any type of surge suppressor.
So a fuse is the best option that you have chosen to safeguard your inductive equipment.
If you are using an electronic circuit to control the pneumatic system, in that case the surge suppressors must be separately included within these electronic circuits, and you have to also make sure the solenoid coils include a parallel diode to control the generation of back EMFs.
Swagatham, i thank you for a detailed reply. This is a basic protection mechanism for the transformer powered solenoid valves energised through a bridge circuit. In fact, the normal expected failure mode at customer site, is huge inductive loads due to rotating components in their manufacturing site. So, whatever we supply them , need to take care of inductive loads . This is my view. A Basic protective mechanism. In addition, i had taken earth from the transformer body and given to customer location. Having said all these, the only fear is fluctuating inductive loads and some ground disturbances (??) less probability though. Hence, i wanted to request if GDT Will also help.
Thank you Krab,
That’s right. Your approach of using a GDT on the AC input side and grounding the transformer body is perfectly correct.
However an inductive load can get damaged due to sustained over voltage conditions also, which can be protected using a fuse, or a circuit breaker.
Hi Swagatam.
Can i use three MOV instead of one
one is for L to N
one is for L to E
and one is for N to E
I am asking you because some extension board company uses 3 MOV
Hi Sagar,
Yes you can do that!
Thank you for your reply I have one doubt. So should I use three of the same size of MOV?
Yes, all the 3 MOVs must be with the same specifications…
HI Swagatam.
How do we know if the MOV or NTC has been used up already and need to be replaced? It seems most surge suppressing devices in the market do not have indicator when the surge suppressing mechanism is already done and over? Any ideas on this? Thank you! You are awesome! 🙂
Thank you Kitt,
Unfortunately an LED indication might not be possible for indicating a burned or damaged MOV/NTC. The only way perhaps is through a visual identification. Examine the MOV/NTC for any visible signs of physical damage, such as cracks, burns, or discoloration. If you see any of these signs, it’s likely that the thermistors has been damaged and needs replacement.
Ok, thanks very much, Swagatam. Moreover, regarding MOVs, what is the recommended MOV to protect an inductive, resistive machine (with small 110v AC fan, 110V heater, with solenoid coli) that consumes 500Watts, 220volts? Is the Joule rating the required parameter? And the equipment will be used continuously for 5 years (8 hours off/ 16 hours on)? Thank you again! 🙂
You are welcome Kitt,
For a 110V load the MOV rating can be around 130 V RMS. 220V would be too high or the required protection.
Yes, while choosing a MOV for surge protection, the Joule rating is a vital factor to consider. An MOV’s Joule rating shows its ability to absorb energy. It specifies how much energy the MOV can withstand before degrading or failing.
Thanks Swagatam. May I know the MOV rating or label that you used in this example above? The image is not quite clear but the NTC is quite clear. Up to what voltage or current or load does your MOV/NTC combination example above protect?
Hi Kitt, sorry I cannot figure out the number printed on the MOV, it is too blurred. The load is not relevant to MOV but it is relevant to an NTC since NTC is in series with the load. You will have to select the NTC current as per the load current. The voltage of the MOV can be slightly higher than the peak voltage of the AC input supply, and current can be around 1 amp.
It was not the series connection of capacitor but the multiple capacitor connection in parallel.
Say as 1pf 1kv can hold a spike or surge of 6.28 Pico sec as it has 1 ohm impedance @ 159 M Hz.
Now in the same way if the spike is in nano sec an another suitable capacitor has to be introduce. Say as 1000pf will hold spike of 6.28 nano sec as it has 1 ohm impedance @ 0.159 M Hz
And so on for micro sec and milli sec
The 0.1uF capacitor is doing the same thing and in a more efficient way.
Hello sir,
Conceptually the circuit is clear, but I would like to know that the capacitors connected with the mains will also draw necessary power from mains.
Secondly why we are not using the series of capacitors with different values to cope up the different surges of different timings,say as in milli sec, micro sec , tens of millisec, tens of micro sec, etc.,,i.e. 10 pf 630 v , 100pf 400v and so on.
Please clarify my doubt.
Hello Dhananjay,
I guess you are referring to the last schematic. The capacitors have very low values so the consumption will be within 5 to 10mA only which is negligible. I am not sure where the series capacitors can be used, because series capacitors will block a lot current and prevent the load from working normally. By the way a capacitor will never block surge current, in fact it will pass all the surge current through it during the switch ON periods.
Hi Swagatam,
I am interested in building a device to plug into an unused 115 VAC outlet on a generator to protect from airborne EMP pulses. Plan to use a ferrite in series and MOV in parallel. This would not be inline with a load. Any suggestions?
Hi Dave, you can try the last circuit explained in the above article. It has a ferrite core based inductor and an MOV both
hello . thanks for sharing the simple home made circuits for voltage and current breakage. i need to know more in details for how NTC is going to stop high current. is it depending on the temperature ?? I am designing one small circuit to make safe home equipment’s like TV , Fridge in villages. as they start their pump , surge comes to main and other home equipment’s get damage. required simple and cost effective circuit for this purpose.
Hi, yes, NTC prevents current surge through temperature variations.
Initially, when power is switched ON the temperature of NTC is cooler which causes it resistance to be relatively higher. Due to this higher resistance NTC blocks the switch ON surge.
However, in the process, it warms up and the NTC temperature rises. When this happens it starts passing more current until the normal amount of current is allowed to pass.
Hi… thanks for revert and clearing me.
so will this NTC sense the surrounding temperature or temperature rise because of high current spike in wire ??
and if current spike comes , this NTC gets blow down or its just raise the resistance and when current is on normal again the resistance comes down !!
When NTC temperature is cooler it blocks current when higher it passes more current. As it passes more current it gets warmer. But this change in NTC temperature is quite slow, therefore sudden current changes and spikes cannot happen and in this way the NTC suppresses current surges. However if the temperature of the NTC rises too high then ultimately it will burn and causes an open circuit.
Dear Swagatam,
I live in South Africa and we are bombarded with daily blackouts. My underfloor heating is controlled by WiFi smart switches and I’ve already lost 2x smart switches due to voltage spikes when the power utility restores power. My smart switches are rated for 10ampsp and the max amp drawn from one of the underfloor heating panels is 4.6amps (1050w, 230v) so the smart switches are well within spec. My wall space is extremely limited, so commercially available surge protectors will not fit in the space.
I saw your circuit and was wondering if using a 2.5E 8A, 20mm disc thermistor coupled with a MOV 14mm RMS=230V 104J varistor will be adequite for the mentioned scenario?
Any advice will be appreciated
Thanks
Hi Casper,
yes I think the NTC/MOV combination should be able to tackle the switch-ON inrush problem. If it doesn’t then you can perhaps try a delay ON relay timer circuit.
Dear Sir,
I Need a circuit to attach to my Ham Radio Power supply(13.8 VDC) and a Battery Back up of (12 Volts DC) so that when the Mains go dead from Blackout the Circuit will automatically switch to the (12 Volt DC Battery) My radio is operated from (12 Volts DC Normally) From a power supply working from the Mains 220 VAC) the radio Draws about 20 Amperes on Transmit so the circuit would have to be able to handle at least (25 amperes @ 12 Volts DC) to be safe.
I Know they have commercial Units that do this Job, But I like Building my own Gear, I am a Ham Radio Operator.
Thank you and Namaste
Hi Bob,
You can try the following relay configuration for fulfilling your requirement:
HI Swagatam,
I’m at a revision of a Pinball machine. Either I replace the old bulky LineFilterAssembly or I take it apart and replace the components. This Filter is already 30 years old. It contains a Thermistor to limit the inrush current and a Varistor to protect from over voltage and it contains an EMI Filter. The whole LineFilterAssembly feeds a quite big transformer with 1 primary and 9 secondary. The highest secondary is 100V and the lowest is 9V. The whole machine is fused to 220V 5A T. Do you know a compact device who can handle the requirements? Would you restore the original LineFilterAssembly and replace the onboard components?
Hi Daniel,
The only EMI filter circuit that I know is the one shown at the end of the above article. You can probably try the last circuit from the above article by building the RFI filter using thick wires, may be 1mm thick.
Hai Swagatam,
I am working as a hardware engineer in one of the reputed company, and i am working on a filter.
Basically we install some electronic equipment’s in central railways and there there is 110VAC, which is regulated from railways 25000V. but when switching happens or power on off happens there is a high voltage surge and that surge is spoiling my LC filter as well, please suggest me a way to solve this issue.
input= 110VAC
surge = nearly 4000VAC
surge duration= 3-4 millisec
please suggest me a way forward to solve this issue.
Hi Roopesh, I think you must install powerful MOVs at the input side of the AC mains. One such example can be studied in the following article:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/high-power-industrial-surge-suppressor/
Good morning sir.
Long time , please I have a question, may I use this circuit to apply it in my arduino circuit to protect my Arduino from EMF . because sometimes my Arduino hocked and stopped working at any time while in working because am using High voltage generator in the circuit.
Hi Kabir, the above circuits are meant for AC mains surge suppression, not for Arduino circuit. For Arduino circuits, you can feed the 12V to the Arduino through a 7812 IC and connect a 1000uF/25V capacitor right across the DC input pins of the Arduino. This will help you to get rid of any kind of interference from the high voltage generator.
Hi,
I would like to build an inductor (line reactor) as it was done in the patents used by Zero Surge, Surgex, BrickWall.
Could you walk us through how to build this type of inductor for overvoltage protection?
It is a 100mH air inductor in the case of Zero Surge but there are 2 inductors I believe in the case of Surgex which is even more efficient.
In the case of this circuit, the use of a ferrite would lead to a rapid saturation that is why you propose an iron core in your answers for the protection of overvoltages and not just as a common mode filter?
In your texts you write ferrites but I think it is rather an iron core (as you have answered to others) since ferrite indicates a mixture of metals… Otherwise, what type of ferrite do you suggest?
Hi, sorry I do not have the exact calculations for building the kind of surge suppressor that you are referring to, so it is difficult for me to suggest anything useful.
Yes iron core may work better for mains surge suppressor inductors since the frequency range of the input AC is within 50 and 60 Hz.
Im interested with your innovations and circuit designs.
Hello,
I am Mr. Saurabh from India.
I request you to suggest me solution for a problem that I am facing
First I’ll explain you the circumstances and my setup .
circumstances :-
In India we normally have 220V to 240V AC Supply.
But we have some problem in our area , Voltage normal range is 260V to 290V, service provider company is irresponsible, so I am handling it with Servo Stabilizer and reduce it to safe range of 220-240V. But during Night 11:30pm to morning 5.00AM Voltages surges up to 310V and it is beyond my stabilizer range.
There is an automatic relay controller that cuts main supply if Voltage is more than 300V. Then it monitors voltage for some time, if it is unsafe, main supply remains disconnected permanently ( and then relay is to be reset manually, even if supply goes safe it does not start automatically ) Due to which whole night UPS remains active and battery goes down by 5am.
Due to 300+ Voltage, when main supply is disconnected by relay, some revers current continues, resulting led and tube lights corners to glow slightly, even if they are switched off !! There is RCCB after Relay, when it is switched off manually led and tube lights corners does not glow.
Setup:-
1) First supply comes to Relay range of 145V to 300V, 16AMP upper limit is se
2) Then, there is 63AMP RCCB for shock protection, current leakage (30mA protection)
3) Then there is servo stabilizer 3KVA range 145V to 300V
4) Then there is UPS 1.5KVA
I want some solution that will reduce extra voltage from 290V to 335V with addition of some circuit.
Kindly suggest me solution.
ThanX
Hello, the only feasible option is to build another stabilizer circuit which will changeover when the mains voltage reaches 300 V, and will reduce it by 50V, so that 300V now becomes 250V….or 330V is reduced to 280V and so on.
You can try the concept explained in the following article:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/how-to-make-small-homemade-automatic/
Make sure TR2 is rated at 24-0-24V, 5 amps
Hi Swagatham,
I am from south India. May i know the reason for LED night lamps and some of LED wall lights glowing Dim even when the switch is powered off (that is phase is off and only neutral is connected). How to resolve this Issue. During rainy time LED lights will be even brighter. Kindly suggest some circuit to sort this out. Thanks…
Hi Dalvin,
The issue could be due to residual or leakage mains AC, or the other reason maybe because the LIVE wire to the LED bulb is not connected through the switch, rather the neutral wire is connected through the switch. You can remove the LED bulb from the socket and check the socket pins with a line tester with power switched OFF. If the line tester shows a LIVE pin ON even while the switch is switched OFF, that would mean your LED bulb switch is wrongly configured with the switch. In that case you may have to change the connections to the switch and make sure the LIVE wire is connected through the switch.
However if you are sure that the LED glows even while the LIVE is switched OFF then the problem cannot be solved easily. In that case you may have to open the LED bulb and connect a filter capacitor right across the LED series connection and check if the problems resolves or not.
Hi. Thanks for making homemade circuits website. We want to develop 4kv, 6kv and 10kv surge protection device. Need help ????
Hi, thank you,
for 4kv and above you will need a MOV or metal oxide varistors rated to handle the same amount of voltage as specified.
If you Google “4kv MOV” you will be able to find many online sources selling MOVs rated to handle this power
Hi Swagatam,
Can I add one more NTC at neutral line as well as live line too…is it give better inrush current protection?….Waiting for reply
Hi Subir, you can do that but that might increase the effective series resistance in the mains line, and could affect the working performance of the load….
Hi Swag,
Very nice explanation..thnks for sharing the knowledge…bro can u please guide me..
I made a extension board with 3 sockets and 3 switches ..1 indicator and 1 fuse…I intend to connect 1 55inch led tv…1 pc…and 1 Playstation can u pls tell me the value of fuse I should use (6amps or 10amps)…and pls tell me the value of mov with its complete part no.
Incoming voltage is around 220-240v.
The pc connection is via a digital ups..that means I am connecting the ups to one of the 3 sockets in the extension board.
The drawing wattage would be around 400 to 700watts if all 3 equipments are on simultaneously.
And pls tell me the value of thermistor
Can I add ptc in series with ntc so as to arrest the current surge in addition to rush current protection done by ntc
Hi Shady,
Since the fuse is supposed to be rated in amps, we have to find the maximum permisible amps to the systems combined. Dividing the 700 watts with 220V gives 3.18 amps, meaning a 3.5 amp fuse would be just enough for the task.
I won’t suggest a PTC, since an NTC will be itself quite sufficient for controlling the initial switch ON surge. You can use any 4 amp (steady current) NTC for the purpose.
And instead of PTC, you can employ an MOV rated to tackle 350V peak voltages.
Thnks for the prompt response…salute ur dedication.
As per your suggestion I will go ahead with the ntc. But the fact is that ntc will clamp the initial switch on current surge..and the threat of overload current flow in some instances still pose a danger
so to curb all 4 instances like
1) voltage surge
2) voltage overload
Mov will manage
3) initial current surge = ntc
4) current overload = ?
Pls specify any addon to arrest the overload current
And I humbly request u to specify the part no.
Of mov,ntc,and new addon if any(overload current protection)
For example 20d471 mov or any other
Thnks again.
You are welcome! The overload current can be controlled by the fuse itself! An additional circuit can be use to shut of a relay, as discussed
in the following diagram:
Mains AC Overload protection Circuit for Voltage Stabilizers
The NTC and the MOV will need to be checked from online datasheet.
You can easily Google
“4 amp NTC”, and “350 V MOV”, you will be able to find those from the existing online charts.
Hi Swagatam,
how calculate the required resistor power rating for 1.2us X 50us pulse. with the resistance value of 200ohm and the mov clamping volatge is 1.5Kv.
please let me know your feedback.
Hi Shubham, sorry I do not have the formula for this calculations
You suggest using an NTC resistor to protect against surges. However, since it is a negative temp coefficient device, its’ resistance will decrease when more current goes through it. Did you intend to suggest a PTC resistor?
NTCs are intended for preventing the initial switch ON surge. Once the initial switch ON period is over the NTC is supposed to work with minimal interference and minimal resistance to current.
Please Sir, will the ntc and mov serve as current limiter for loads
NTC will act as current limiter to an extent, but MOVs won’t.
The design of circuit using ntc,mov and line filter is good.
I have seen many tv sets having ptc also.
Swagatam Thank you i got answer for all of my questions.
keep up the good work!.
Thank you Balcha!
I HAVE 3-PHASE 20 KW CONNECTION IN MY HOUSE. WHENEVER THERE IS SPARKING IN THE GOVT SUPPLY LINE SOME ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT GETS DAMAGED. CAN I PUT THREE UNITS AS PEER YOUR CIRCUIT ON THE THREE PHASES AFTER MY MAIN 3-PHASE MCB FOR SURGE PROTECTION
You can use the second design, and please do not write in capital letters.
Use it in your specific equipment which get damaged, not in the 3 phase line.
I have a 3-Phase 20 KW connection in my house. The Electicity Board transformer is next to my house. Whenever there is a spark in in the transformer or supply line to my house, the home appliances get damaged. I understand this could be controlled with MOV. Could you please suggest a suitable circuit.
Using high power MOV is the only remedy for such sudden voltage fluctuations, a permanent solution could be a triac based stabilizer circuit, which could be very large and complex to build.
Hi….Swagatam can you help me ac supply distortion .i have two switch one is 220 ac for my 12v pcb board.and other one for examination lamp also 220 ac.when i up down lamp 220 ac switch my 12v supply distortion and front display reset. i have used mov,pf,emi filter,
Hi Chandan, distortions can be corrected through inductors and capacitors or LC filters, as shown at the end of the above post. EMI filter should have worked…try increasing the inductor values.
Hi sir ,
I am working on Street light timer
But there is issue of voltage fluctuations
I need surge suppressor what can u do ?
Hi Ankush, you can use an MOV or varistor for suppressing standard AC fluctuation surges.
Sir thanks for reply
All ready I used mov but it burn and need to replace but I want circuit
no need of replacemant of mov
Ankush, in that case you will need a transformer based stabilizer, using triacs, or a PWM based stabilizer.
Sir any refrance is available at your side?? Please give me
Ankush, what is the Voltage and current specification of the timer? I think you can use a capacitive power supply and have a constant voltage for the circuit.
Hi, thanks for sharing your circuit diagram.
Regarding circuit with two MOV & 10 Ohm R, i need to use it for my device, 230~235V input, protected from AC line at max 240V. It consume just 0.1 A (100mA~150mA) current.
Based on the formula you gave, is it not too big for R?
Supply- input V/I load = 240max – 230~235 / 100~150mA (0.1A) = ~2K R ?
And is it go to high dissipations with that such value?
Thanks.
You are right, the formula doesn’t seem applicable for the MOVs, because then the MOVs won’t be required, and the resistors itself will effectively restrict the surge, and the dissipation will be extremely high.
The formula should be simple R = V/I, where V can be the clamping voltage the MOV, and the current can be the maximum current the MOV can handle for a few microseconds.
Let’s say the clamping voltage is 350V, and the max current limit is 50 amps, then the series resistor will be 350/50 = 7 ohms.
Hello,
I have a similar question:
I have a ham radio amplifier wired for 240vac.
It has an analog power supply. When first turned on the THUMP is very loud with inrush current. The filaments in the tubes do not like this very much and it shortens their life.
I thought about using an NTC on each hot leads into the amp but I have no idea what value. The AC line is fused at 6 amp. Any suggestions?
Thank you very much
Hi, since the filament should be rated to consume low current, may be between 200 mA and 500 mA, a 5 ohm NTC should do the job nicely.
Hi Swagatom
I am planning to install a main surge suppressor on my home.
I did a schematic online, and I would like you to check it.
The link is: https://ibb.co/Btddv8g
I use MOV + TVS (The TVS diodes are b-directional)
Do you thing will work?
The board will be connect straight after the main circuit breaker in parallel not in series.
Thanks
Hi Fabio, it looks OK, but I don’t think the MOVs are required across earth and neutral! And even better to go for NTC instead of TVS…so NTC in series and MOV in parallel with the mains line would work better.
Hi Swagatam
Thanks for your replay
I live in Australia and on the main switchboard there is a link between Neutral and Earth.
This because if Earth is not present in case of fault the Neutral became the Earth.
Correct me if I am wrong but the NTC in series is just for inrush current.
Thanks
Hi Fabio,
I was considering to streamline the design cost wise, but if you are OK with higher costs then you can go with the design that you have created, there’s no problem with it. Yes an NTC is for controlling in rush, which is also a major cause of equipment burning.
Hi Fabio,
The circuit might be fine (I’ve not analyzed it), however the layout is also crucial. You need to provide wide spacing between the tracks to prevent flashover if there is a high voltage incoming spike.
Many compact devices providing this function ‘pot’ the circuit in epoxy to help prevent unwanted sparks across gaps between conductors and unwanted ‘creepage’ across the board substrate.
I’d strongly suggest re-visiting the track spacing.
Thanks Rosco
I have already printed all the PCB. I will follow your suggestion and maybe use epoxy!
Thanks a lot!
Cool cool…
Want you to be safe so you can keep making stuff and publishing content… ☺️
Thank you!
Hi SWAGATAM, I want to have 10KV Surge protection in my 230V AC Mains circuit. Kindly assist me for that.
Hi Jainil, what is the source of the 10kv, is it from lightening?
Yes, Source is Lightening.
To protect against lightening you can apply the following circuit idea:
This can be placed between the mains input and the load. When the input goes beyond 270V the triac will trip and blow the fuse. If required you can increase the 270V limit to 300V or higher.
Thanks a million. OK so lastly is is possible to shed more light on the components such as the diodes, the LED/LDR Assembly, and the Working voltage for the relay RL1 including component marked LD1. My real education is in computer networking and electronics was just a chapter so i am trying to beef up with the help of individuals lie yourself. Fortunately so. Hope its no bother. i intend to build it on a breadboard.
Thanks once more.
Thanks, I have updated the required details in the linked article.
Hi. I am stuck (not my name lol). I am a technician in the making. Just started learning. i am trying to design a circuit that only allows an adjustable current value (maximum 5 Amps on a supply voltage of 220 V). The operation is that drawing anything above the set current trips the load circuit but can be reset (reconnected by a reset button).
The challenge is to limit the current draw under normal( no short circuit) conditions. Just to limit.
Thanks in advance.
No problem, I think you can try the following concept for the mentioned requirement
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/mains-ac-overload-protection-circuit/
Thanks a lot. will post and share on my research results once done.
Ok great!
Hello ,
Could you advise me on the components need to monitor with a led on the third leg of a iTMOV on a 230v line please.
Hi, you can try the following details:
https://www.littelfuse.com/~/media/electronics/datasheets/varistors/littelfuse_varistor_tmov_itmov_datasheet.pdf.pdf
Hello ,
Wow very fast answer ,really impressed ,just the answer i was looking for .
I have some hifi equipment i want to connect a filter board to the mains and have some supresion before it .
This will be good thank you so much ,very kind .
Regards shaun Halvorsen.
Thank you, Glad I could help! Wish you all the best!!
Hi Swagatam,
I will appreciate it if you can assist me with the following.
I want to add surge protection to all of my 15A sockets in my house.
Ref. to your circuit
Home » Home Electrical Circuits » AC 220V/120V Mains Surge Protector Circuits
The values of the components I intend to use is:
Thermistor SCK201ROMSBY
Size 20mm
Termination Radial
Tolerance ± 20%
Tolerance Code M
Max Steady State Current @ 25 deg C 13A
Zero Power Resistance @ 25 deg C 1 Ω
MOV 14D391K
Size ` 14mm
Max Allowable ACrms V 250V
Max Allowble DC V 320V
Varistor V @ 1ma 390V
Max Peak I @8/20uS 4500A
Max Energy 10/1000uS 100J
Rated Power 0.6W
Typical C @ 1kHz 510pf
Do you think these will do the job?
Your assistance will be much appreciated.
Regards
Jan
Hi Jan,
It looks good, but if the RMS goes above 250V even for a second, your MOV will burn, better increase the RMS range to 300V.
Thank you Swagatam,
I will certainly do that.
Regards
You are welcome Jan!
What is the details of NTC resistor used with MOV. please give me details of NTC resistor…
It will depend on the load actually. For loads upto 1 amp, the value can be 5 ohms, a described in this article:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/using-ntc-resistor-as-surge-suppressor/
Hello! I’ve got a somewhat complex question but not so difficult question that you can help me with. I’ll give you a little background as to WHY I am asking.
I have just moved into a new house that only has a 15amp circuit in the office. My wife’s computer equipment alone places a heavy demand on this circuit and I know that by adding my computer I would very easily overload it. To solve this issue I ran a dedicated circuit just for my equipment. My PC can be very power hungry depending on load as I am into water cooling overclocking, etc. I also know that PC power supplies are typically a little more efficient when operating at 240v than 120 and I figured while I was running a new circuit I could just as easily run two. I used #12 wire and ran two circuits. One is set up for 120v and has a 5-20R receptacle. The second I configured for 240v and has a 6-20R receptacle. This portion of the project is done, everything is hot, I only need to move in and hook up my equipment, I have the appropriate power cord to hook up my PC. I have been looking though and have noticed that many of my other components, such as my monitors will also operate on 240v so I figure why not run as much on 240 as I can?
Well as it turns out thus far the biggest reason why not is the ability to physically connect everything. My 240V circuit only has a single 6-20R receptacle and I have the need to plug in five or six devices. In the 120V world the simple solution is a power strip. I have had little success finding 240V power strips with 6-20R receptacles and those that I do find are $$$$. I figured I could build my own for a whole lot less money, or build a much superior product for the same money. A power strip is easy, but I figure if I’m going through the trouble I might as well build in surge protection and that’s where my lack of knowledge becomes a problem.
As I understand it European “200” volt systems are configured as a Hot-Neutral-Ground configuration with 200V from hot to ground or hot to neutral. In contrast my US configuration will be Hot-Hot-Ground with 240V with hot to hot and 120V from either hot to ground if that makes any difference at all in system design. I was thinking of creating some kind of a box with a “bus” system, consisting of a bar or terminal strip for each leg and the ground. This would allow me to connect multiple receptacles to the bus in parallel and thus not have the possibility of drawing excess current through any one receptacle.
Wish List:
1. Fused (or circuit breaker) protection for both hot legs. I’m thinking some kind of circuit breaker would be good so it could kill both legs in the event that one side has a fault, like a double pole circuit breaker.
2. High capacity surge suppression – Would it be more effective to have single surge protection point for the entire bus, or individual for each receptacle? My gut tells me that several smaller ones would be more effective than one large one but I could be dead wrong, I honestly do not know.
3. Visual indicator of surge suppression function.
Hello Nathan,
You can use calculated fuses on both the lines, because fuses are the cheapest way to handle a short circuit condition.
It is better to have separate MOVs for each receptacle, than having a single large, as guessed rightly by you. Here’s a link that may help:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/how-to-select-mov/
Visual indication for surge suppression can be impossible, because a surge may happen in milliseconds, and therefore impossible to track. However I have an idea which can be used for recording a surge occurrence, as explained in this article:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/surge-arrestor-circuit-with-surge/
This can be modified as per user preference.
Thanks for the information! On the visual indication I wasn’t really looking so much for a way to see when a surge happened, but rather that the surge suppression was still working and wasn’t burned out. I’ve seen this on commercial power strips, kinda a built in self check if you will.
You can add an LED across each fuse through a 56K 1 watt resistor. Meaning each LED must have a 56K 1 watt resistor in series. If the fuses blow the LED will switch ON, indicating the blown condition of the fuse. However this still won’t be able to show the condition of the MOVs whether they are actually working or not. Suppose if one of the MOVs become open internally, this cannot be identified by any means.
Fair enough. Regarding the connections of the MOV’s. In a 240v HOT-HOT-GROUND scenario it seems you would have an MOV from each hot leg to ground. Assuming there was a surge on one hot leg which tripped the MOV and shunted it to ground, what would stop that same surge from tripping the other MOV and shorting leg to leg instead of to ground?
I don’t know much about HOT HOT GND connections and how these are configured? However a surge mostly won’t last more than a few microseconds, so if it’s grounded by the first MOV, it probably won’t reach the second MOV. If the surge lasts for more than microseconds could be enough to burn the MOVs or the MOV could catch fire.
hi sir,
first i try to explain you my system….which is regarding to operate 3 phase submersible pump from gsm based remote and data accusation also….
in that metal sheet enclose contain electro-mechanical contactors, smps for gsm data logger for sms and gprs connectivity.
problem is —
1.some time when pump is off due to non power we found that when power comes suddenly electrical blast create in contactors at ac input terminals.
2. some time when starter strat, gsm electronic immediate shutdown or restart, due to this pump cant start.
3. in solar operated gsm logger , found that in rainy season modem became hang.
i think all above are due to electrical surge..
sir please guide me how to solve it, i want to make a spd solution for above …..
Hi Gajendra, for controlling surge you can try a delay ON timer circuit, as explained at the bottom section of this article:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/simple-delay-timer-circuits-explained/
You can replace the relay with a 3 contact relay for connecting the 3 phase through the relay.
the delay ON could be set by adjusting the values of C2/R2. The emitter zener diode is not required and could be replaced with a wire link
Hi sir,
I am designing a surge protection device for lightning. Is the design above is suitable for it? Can I replace the resistor with an inductor because i saw it somewhere in other website?
Basically my input supply will be 240 Vac, what is the value of clamping voltage of MOV is suitable? Can I use MOV with 240V clamping voltage?
Thanks!
Hi Voon, if the lightning strikes directly into the house wiring then no surge suppressor would be capable of stopping it.
MOV can suppress only minor electrical surges, not lightening related surges….to suppress lightning related surges the best idea would be to employ a triac based crowbar circuit as described here
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/2017/03/surge-arrestor-circuit-with-surge.html
the high voltage capacitor and diode can be ignored and removed.
you can also include an MOV/inductor suppresor as per your initial requirement in conjunction with the above design.
Namasthe,
I am talking about the " Ajantha make wall clock : OLC Quartz 104, Model. computer century Calendar", which I am using. There is a supply module inside the clock. Every time there is a power shout down in our area and the power comes up, the clock fails. The watch repairer says supply unit is burnt. So I just wanted to incorporate a surge suppresser to this clock externally.
OK I understood, the in-built power supply could be an SMPS based…..as expressed in above comment you can try connecting an NTC in series with any of the supply lines, and also connect an MOV across the two supply lines after the NTC.
I'll try to update the diagram soon for your reference
I have an electronic digital calendar clock, its supply unit has bagged off three times due to surge voltage in the mains. I want to incorporate a simple sure suppressor for it. it may be drawing less than on ampere current. what value components are recommended. please advise me if any simplest circuit which I can assemble myself.
Normally any god power supply will never burn with minor supply fluctuations….what kind of supply unit have you been using? Is it SMPS based or transformer based?
I would suggest you to use your cellphone charger for the purpose which has all the protections in-built
still if you are interested to build your customized surge suppressor, you can try an NTC in series with any of the input mains supply lines, and additionally connect an MOV across the two supply lines after the NTC.
Hi Swagatam,
I'm planning to install a surge suppressor for the whole house at the mains AC panel (next to the meter board) is there a standard part available available off the shelf or do we need to design one and install. i was able to find CHSPT2MAX from Eaton, but its too expensive, any suggestions…
Hi Ravi, you an industrial MOV, in conjunction with the following delay ON relay crcuit, adjust the delay time to may be a second or so, and connect the relay contacts with the house wiring.
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/2013/02/make-this-simple-delay-on-circuit.html
Industrial MOV sample is discussed below
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/2015/01/high-power-industrial-surge-suppressor.html
Hi Swagatam,
How are you,
A friend of mine had his TV friend due to a voltage surge,
Voltage Input from the mains line is 230V, sanctioned current is 6amps. want to help him out.
Can I use the circuit mentioned above 2 MOV with 10ohms 2 watt resistor,
-what should the value of the MOV be.
– what should the value of the fuse be in terms of AMPs.
– should a Indicator lamp be added in the circuit after the fuse,
Kindly advise.
warm regards
Thanks Patrick, I am good!
yes you can try it, just replace the resistors with 1 ohm 2 watt, because 10 could be a bit too high.
MOV could be rated at 350V (clamping voltage)
fuse could be an 8 amp rated….
indicator lamp is optional, it can be added for indicating a blown fuse
Hello Swagatam,
Thank you so much,
Apart from the Mains, it could be added in different sections of the house, where sensitive equipments are such as TV/ Music systems etc., just to be safe.
Is this okay ?
warm regards
Thanks Patrick, yes you can use an MOV with every appliance but MOV has its own restrictions too, for example it might not withstand the surge if it lasts for more than a millisecond, and could cause a short circuit and fire, therefore a series fuse also becomes mandatory.
Alternatively you can use a single powerful MOV near the main DP of the house, the MOV specs are I have explained below
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/2015/01/high-power-industrial-surge-suppressor.html
By the way all modern equipment already include a built-in MOV in their system
What MOV VALUE and part no
can be a 350V MOV
Hi Swagatam,
I was looking for a surge suppressor device circuit diagram and was directed to your site. Upon reading about you and going through the comment and replies between you and your readers, your patience in answering all the queries really put me in great admiration to you. I came across so many people like you in the web but you are different from them, they can't respond.
Recently I just decided to become a hobbyist in electronics although I don't have a formal education or training about it but a steward/stewardess can land a commercial plane with the guidance of the ground controllers( this is from a movie).
I was inspired by a friend that showed me his DIY audio amplifier and it works well. I asked him for the details and he gave me copies of schematics, pcb layout, parts list as well as procedures of adjustments but it is limited to a 100W into 8ohm power. I want to evolve this to a 350W,8ohm design. The design uses 2SC5200 output devices and TIP41C drivers.
Can you give me suggestions, advices or even a new design from you, or, is it okey to publish the circuitry since it was designed by an EE in order for you to go through it and come up with solutions and recommendations to meet the desired power for my first project.
Actually I have already etched the pcb the very conventional way. By the way I am from the Philippines, work as a material eng'r in a construction company.
Nice knowing you Swagatam.
Your new reader/jollower,
Osic
Hi Osic, thanks so much! I appreciate your enthusiasm and wish you the very best!
Amplifiers can be quite difficult circuits as they require precision and balance at every node and stages of the circuit and so far I have not been able to master these gadgets due to their complex concepts and configurations.
So I am really sorry I won't eb able to assist you with amp designs, therefore I would recommend you to select a schematic which is originally designed to suit your specifications instead of modifying a design having a different specifications.
I have a 100 watt simple mosfet amplifier circuit in this site designed to work with around 35V normally which is capable of generating upto 300 watts power simply by using a higher voltage input of around 100V…however it requires a 4 ohm speaker, If you wish you could try that design also!!
Okay Swagatam I will take a look at your design. Thanks Swagatam, more power.
Hello!
A friend of mine was thinking of building a surge suppressor and voltage regulator by using ARM microprocessor. He was thinking of using inductor plus MOVs together. Do you think it is feasible?
Thank you.
Lim.
Hello,
MOVs don't require any external triggering circuit for activating, it's a self-actuated device so I don't think an MCU could be used for operating an MOV
ko good, but we want buy pcg/ components/ etc in india. is it possible in india?
yes, it' possible.
Dear Mr Swagatam
Firstly thank you for this great website, i have built a few small projects of your design, i have become extremly interested in transient voltage and the long term damage it does. I will test the above circuit and give some feed back.
What i would like to ask is (if you perhaps have an existing) a design where one can "monitor" the transient voltage on a incoming line (the main grid). I understand that there are "in line counters". This can be a great tool to take the readings before and after the unit install.
Will this be possible?
Again thank you for the great site and info.
Best Regards
Mark
South Africa
mrmcon@gmail.com
Thank you dear Mark,
The simplest way could be to connect a digital ammeter in series with the MOV that may have a feature to latch up to the reading corresponding to the transient value each time power is switched ON.
If it's possible I'll try to design and post it for you.
Thank you very much Sir.
The upper diagram sir is what we wanted to do (parallel to the source) but we are not sure if it can supress the voltage surge thats why we decide to design another (lower diagram) which is connected in series from the source. i'm begging for your expert suggestion and advice sir that can help a lot to our device to function and for us to pass the subject. thank you sir SWAGATAM.
normally all TVSS devices are extremely reliable and can be trusted for the necessary actions.
you can refer to the following article for more info:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/2014/09/testing-mov-metal-oxide-varistor-surge.html
this is the diagram of our device sir.. the source is Line to Line. we just put the ground into the device for the MOV's.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B786VWhN4zxiTzlmeUhQRml4R2M
…please toggle the share option…
Hi Mr. Swatam, do you have a schematic diagram for TVSS or SPD for resedential use only. pls include the value of materials.
thank you so much.
Hi Cloyd,
you can probably try using the devices explained in the following article:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/2015/01/high-power-industrial-surge-suppressor.html
put these directly across the wires that enter the house wiring.
the value can be of 350V/50amp
Hi Sir Swagatam, thank you for your response. i want to ask you more question sir about TVSS/SPD , This is for our thesis sir and i'm hoping that you can give us more details about the connection. we are troubling of our design sir because we would like to make a TVSS device that will connected parallel to the source (40A Breaker), thus we doubted our design due to its connection if it can really suppress the voltage surge. i will show you our design sir and were hoping that you can give us some advice on how to fully get the right design.
thank you for your time sir Swagatam, best regards.
Hi Cloyd,
The link which I suggested you in the earlier comment can be effectively used as a transient voltage surge suppressor.
Other option is in the form of diodes which is explained here, these also need to be connected parallel to the input mains supply:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient-voltage-suppression_diode
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