A single state-of-the-art chip, a transistor and a few other inexpensive passive components are the only materials required for making this outstanding, self regulating, over charge controlled, automatic NiMH battery charger circuit. Let’s study the whole operation explained in the article.
Main Features:
How the Charger Circuit Works
Referring to the diagram we see a single IC being used which alone performs the function of a versatile high grade battery charger circuit and offers utmost protection to the connected battery while it’s being charged by the circuit.
This helps to keep the battery in a healthy environment and yet charge it with a relatively rapid rate. This IC ensures a high battery life even after many hundreds of charging cycles.
The internal functioning of the NiMH battery charger circuit can be understood with the following points:
When the circuit is not powered, the IC enters into a sleep mode and the loaded battery is disconnected from the relevant IC pin out by the action of the internal circuitry.
The sleep mode is also triggered and the shut down mode is initiated when the supply voltage exceeds the specified threshold of the IC.
Technically, when the Vcc goes above the ULVO (under voltage lock out) fixed limit, the IC triggers the sleep mode and disconnects the battery from the charging current.
The ULVO limits are defined by the potential difference level detected across the connected cells. This means the number of cells connected determines the shut down threshold of the IC.
The number of cells to be connected must be initially programmed with the IC through suitable component settings; the issue is discussed later on the article.
The rate of charging or the charging current can be set externally through a program resistor connected to the PROG pin out of the IC.
With the present configuration an inbuilt amplifier causes a virtual reference of 1.5 V to appear across the PROG pin.
This means that now the programming current flows through an in built N channel FET toward the current divider.
The current divider is handled by the charger state control logic which produces a potential difference across resistor, creating a fast charging condition for the connected battery.
The current divider is also responsible for providing a constant current level to the battery through the pin Iosc.
The above pin out in conjunction with a TIMER capacitor determines an oscillator frequency used for delivering the charging input to the battery.
The above charging current is activated through the collector of the externally connected PNP transistor, while its emitter is rigged with the IC’s SENSE pin out for providing the charging rate information to the IC.
Understanding the pinout functions of the LTC4060
Understanding the pin outs of the IC will make the building procedure of this NiMH battery charger circuit easier, let's go through the data with the following instructions:
DRIVE (pin #1): The pin is connected to the base of the external PNP transistor and is responsible for providing the base bias to the transistor. This is done by applying a constant sink current to the base of the transistor. The pin out has current protected output.
BAT (pin #2): This pin is used to monitor the charging current of the connected battery while it is being charged by the circuit.
SENSE (pin #3): As the name suggests it senses the charging current applied to the battery and controls the conduction of the PNP transistor.
TIMER (pin #4): It defines the oscillator frequency of the IC and helps to regulate the charge cycle limits along with the resistor that’s calculated at the PROG and GND pin outs of the IC.
SHDN (pin #5): When this pin out is triggered low, the IC shuts down the charging input to the battery, minimizing the supply current to the IC.
PAUSE (pin #7): This pin out may be used for stopping the charging process for some period of time. The process may be restored by providing a low level back to the pin out.
PROG (pin #7): A virtual reference of 1.5V across this pin is created through a resistor connected across this pin and ground. The charging current is 930 times the level of the current that flows through this resistor. Thus this pinout may be used for programming the charging current by altering the resistor value appropriately for determining different charging rates.
ARCT (pin #8): It’s the auto-recharge pinout of the IC and is used for programming the threshold charge current level. When the battery voltage falls below a preprogrammed voltage level, the charging is reinitiated instantly.
SEL0, SEL1 (pin #9 and #10): These pin outs are used for making the IC compatible with different number of cells to be charged. For two cells, SEL1 is connected to ground and SEL0 to the supply voltage of the IC.
How to Charge 3 Series Number of Cells
For charging three cells in series SEL1 is rigged to the supply terminal while SEL0 is wired up to the ground. For conditioning four cells in series, both the pins are connected to the supply rail, that is to the positive of the IC.
NTC (pin #11): An external NTC resistor may be integrated to this pin out for making the circuit work with respect to the ambient temperature levels. If the conditions become too hot the pin out detects it through the NTC and shuts down the proceedings.
CHEM (pin #12): This pin out detects the battery chemistry by sensing the negative Delta V level parameters of NiMH cells and selects the appropriate charging levels as per the sensed load.
ACP (pin #13): As discussed earlier, this pin detects the Vcc level, if it reaches below the specified limits, in such conditions the pinout becomes high impedance, shutting down the IC in sleep mode, and shutting off the LED. However, if the Vcc is compatible with respect to the battery full charge specifications, then this pinout turns low, illuminating the LED and initiating the battery charging process.
CHRG (pin #15): An LED connected to this pin out provides the charging indications and indicates that the cells are being charged.
Vcc (pin #14): It’s simply the supply input terminal of the IC.
GND (pin #16): As above it’s the negative supply terminal of the IC.