The resistor’s values which are provided to them fall within a category of standard or preferred resistor values.
By: S. Prakash
The values present within the standard resistor category are in sequence which is logarithmic and are in correspondence to the accuracy of the component.
This enables the values present within the standard resistor category to be placed in respect to the tolerance which is present on the component.
The application of these values present within the standard resistor category can be done for other resistors, components, and capacitors as well.
Since the manufacturing of the component values including values of the resistors cannot be done exactly, a specific tolerance value is associated with each and every resistor.
The typical tolerance values associated with the resistors can be ±5%, ±10%, and ±20%. Apart from these tolerance values, there is availability of the tolerance value of ±2% as well.
A list has been made consisting of the standard resistor values and the preferred values in order to ensure and enable the selection of the standard values from the available set of manufacturers.
Thus, this enable the manufacturing of the resistors to be an easy process along with the reduction of the inventory of the manufacturers for the stock holdings by having and following only the range of resistor values which come under the preferred range.
This area has garnered a lot of attraction since there is a requirement of special values of high precision.
Standard Resistor Values and their E-series
The E-series is used by the resistors in order to space and place the common resistor values in correspondence to their respective tolerance levels.
The E-series used is the series for the preferred or standard values. The resistors are placed in such a manner that the spacing is done in order to avoid the overlapping of the tolerance band’s bottom and one value of the tolerance band with the next band and value of the tolerance band.
For example, in case of a resistor of 1 Ohm value and ±20% tolerance level; the resistor will have 1.2 Ohms value of the tolerance band at the bottom if the component’s actual resistor is placed at the tolerance band’s top.
In another example, where a resistor of 1.5 Ohm value and ±20% tolerance level; the resistor will have 1.2 Ohms value of the tolerance band at the bottom if the component’s actual resistor is placed at the tolerance band’s top.
Thus, one can build a series through the calculation of the values for a wide range in the manner elaborated in the above two examples. This calculation and building of series is done at the interval of every ten years.
The series for the standard values of the resistor which is generated through the process elaborated above is known as the E-series and the values generated are known as the preferred values.
One of the most basic series is the E3 series within the range of E series and consists of three values which are namely 4.7, 1.0, and 2.2.
Since the tolerance associated with the resistors is very wide, the frequency with which this is used for the current day applications is very less. But the basic values of the resistor are used widely in order to reduce their stock holding.
The other series within the range of the E-series is the E6 series whose values are calculated at the interval of every ten years and consists of six values for a tolerance level of ±20%.
The other series within the range of the E-series are the E12 and E24 series whose values are calculated at the interval of every ten years and consists of twelve and twenty-four values for a tolerance level of ±10% and ±5% respectively.
The other series such as the E96 and E48 series within the range of E-series are also available but they are not very common.
In most of the resistors, there is availability of the E12 and E6 series. But this is not true for the E24series since its tolerance series is very close and thus the E24series are mostly found in the resistors whose tolerance levels are very high.
Thus, the resistors for which the E24series are commonly used in the current day include the metal oxide film resistors along with the other types.
The E24 series is rarely used for the carbon type resistors, the availability of which is again scarce. This is because the carbon type resistors have tolerance ranges at very low level since there is no guarantee of their values to a tolerance level which is so close.
The standard and preferred resistor ranges of the E-series are used in a wide range and thus have been adopted by various different manufacturing organizations as a standard.
For example, the preferred values of the E series have been adopted by the North American organization, “Electrical Industries Association (EIA)”.
The standard and preferred values of various other components
The system which is used for the resistors for the standard component values adoption works very efficiently.
This can be equally applied for the resistor’s other components. Another way which is applicable consists of the concept of the values enlisted in the standard list to be used and which in turn are determined by the component’s tolerance levels.
The capacitors also use the preferred values of the E series which includes the series such as –E3 which are of the lower order.
The capacitors which have low tolerance level use the E6 series of the E series. The tolerance level of the electrolytic capacitors is very wide in range.
On the other hand, the tolerance levels of the ceramic capacitors are very high, higher than that of the electrolytic capacitors and thereby they can use the values of the E24 and E12 series as well.
For example, the component such as the Zener diodes also follow the preferred values of the E series of EIA for breakdown voltages of theirs.
The standard voltage of the Zener diodes conforms to the voltage values of the E24 and E12 series. This is especially true for the level of 5 volts where Zener diode is of the value of 5.1 Volts.