3.7 V Li-Ion Battery Charger Circuit with Automatic Cut-off

In this article we study a simple 3.7V li-ion battery charger circuit with auto-cut off, which can be charged from your computer USB port or any other 5 V regulated source.

How it Works

The circuit can be understood with the help of the following description:

The IC LM358 is configured as a comparator. The IC LM741 is not used since it is not specified to work with voltages lower than 4.5V.

Pin#2 which is the inverting input of the IC is used as the sensing pin and is attached with a preset for the required adjustments and setting.

Pin#3 which is the non-inverting input of the opamps is reference at 3V by clamping it with a 3V zener diode.

A couple of LEDs can be seen wired across the output pin of the opamp, for detecting and indicating the charging condition of the circuit. Green LED indicates the battery is being charged while the red illuminates as soon as the battery is fully charged, and supply is cut off to the battery.

How to Charge using USB Port

Please remember that the charging process can be quite slow and may take many hours, because the current from USB of a computer is normally very low and may range between 200 mA to 500 mA depending on which number port is used for the purpose.

Once the circuit is assembled and set up, the below shown design can be used for charging any spare Li-Ion Battery through the USB port.

First connect the battery across the indicated points, and then plug in the USB connector with your computer's USB socket. The green LED should instant become ON indicating the battery is being charged.

You can attach a voltmeter across the battery to monitor its charging, and check whether the circuit cuts off the supply correctly or not at the specified limit.

Since the current from a computer USB can be quite less, the current control stage can be ignored and the above design can be much simplified as shown below:

Video Clip showing the automatic cut off action, when the Li-Ion cell is charged upto 4.11V:

Please note that the circuit will not initiate charging unless a battery is connected prior to power switch ON, therefore please connect the battery first before connecting it to a 5 V supply source.

An LM358 has two opamps which means one opamp is wasted here and remains unused, therefore LM321 may be tried instead to avoid the presence of an idle unused opamp.

How to Set up the above 3.7 V Li-ion Charger Circuit:

That's extremely easy to implement.

1. First, make sure the preset is moved at the ground side fully. Meaning, the pin#2 should be at ground level through the preset initially.
2. Next, without any battery connected, apply an exact 4.2 V across the +/- supply lines of the circuit, through an accurate adjustable power supply.
3. You will see the green LED coming ON instantly.
4. Now, slowly rotate the preset, until the green LED just shuts OFF, and the RED LED switches ON.
5. That's all! The circuit is now all set to cut off at 4.2 V when the actual Li-Ion cell reaches this level.
6. For the final testing, connect a discharged battery to the shown position, plug-in the input power through a 5 V source, and have fun watching the cell getting charged and cut-off at the stipulated 4.2 V threshold.

Constant Current CC Feature Added

As can be seen , a constant current feature has been added by integrating the BC547 stage with base of the main BJT.

Here the Rx resistor determines the current sensing resistor, and in case the maximum current limit is reached, the potential drop developed across this resistor quickly triggers the BC547, which grounds the base of the driver BJT, shutting down its conduction and charging of the battery.

Now, this action keeps oscillating at the current limit threshold, enabling the required constant current, CC controlled charging for the connected Li-ion battery.

Current Limiting not Required for USB Power

Although a current limiting facility is shown, this may not be required when the circuit is used with an USB since the USB already is quite low with current and adding a limiter may be useless.

The current limiter should be used only when the source current is substantially high, such as from a solar anel or from another battery

Improving the Circuit Further

After some testing it appeared that the Darlington transistor was unable to switch sufficient current to a Li-Ion cells, especially which were deeply discharged. This resulted in a difference in voltage levels across the cell, and across the supply rails of the circuit.

To combat this issue, I tried to improve the design further, by replacing the single Darlington BJT with a pair of NPN/PNP network, as given below:

This design improved the current delivery significantly, and resulted in a reduction in the margin of difference between the battery terminal voltage level and the actual supply voltage level, and therefore false cut-off switching.

The following video, shows the test result using the above circuit:

Adding Current Control to the above Design

Using a 5V Relay

The above designs can be also built using a 5V, which will ensure the best possible current delivery to the cell and faster charging. The circuit diagram can be seen below:

Please Note: 

This article was substantially changed recently and therefore the older comment discussions may not match with the circuit diagram shown in this present updated design and explanation.

Another Ideal 3.7 V Battery Charger Circuit with Auto Cut-off

Here's a 3.7 V Battery charger circuit which looks perfect in for the automatic cut-off and a self-monitoring of the 3.7 V battery.

In the relay based circuit previous to the above design, there seems to a serious drawback.

In the previous design the battery needs to be connected first, before applying the input power. This is crucial, otherwise the relay can start chattering, if the power is switched ON first without a battery connected.

But in the above new design where the battery can be seen connected on the left side, the chattering of relay problem is completely eliminated.

Moreover, this design has an added advantage. The circuit will be able to continuously monitor the battery level and self-regulate the circuit to ensure that the battery is automatically disconnected when it reaches full charge level, and automatically connected to the supply when it is discharged to some lower level.

The input supply can can be from any 5V regulated source. However make sure the current spec of the supply is restricted to 0.5 C. Meaning the current of the 5V source must not be 50% of the battery mAh value.

How to Adjust the Preset

The auto cut off preset setting up is easy.

Initially, do not connect any battery or the input supply, and rotate the preset wiper to the ground level.

Next, take a variable DC power supply. Adjust its output to precisely 4.1 V, which is the optimum full charge level of a standard 3.7 V battery.

Connect this supply to the circuit from the left side, across the points where the battery is supposed to be connected.

You will see the GREEN LED illuminating. At this stage the relay must switch ON, however it won't since there's no 5V supply from the right side of the circuit. No worries, we can still setup the circuit by looking at the LEDs.

After this, slowly adjust the preset until the GREEN LED just switches off and the RED LED just switches ON.

That's all, the auto cut off set up is complete for the circuit.

Now, to test the circuit LIVE, you can connect a discharged 3.7V cell across the indicated points, and a 5 V supply from the relay side and see the actually cut-off happening, as soon as the battery is fully charged at 4.1 V.